Blood tests are a vital tool in the diagnosis of various health conditions. These tests provide insights into how well your organs are functioning, how balanced your body’s chemical levels are, and whether there are any signs of infection, inflammation, or disease. Understanding your blood test results can be confusing, but breaking them down into simple terms can help you better grasp what your doctor might be looking for in a diagnosis. Often, blood tests are used in conjunction with symptoms to provide a more accurate diagnosis of any underlying health issues.
Each blood test measures specific components in your blood. These results are compared to reference ranges, which are the normal values expected in a healthy person. Deviations from these ranges can indicate potential health issues, but they must be interpreted in the context of your symptoms and overall health.
You can also use our tool to simply upload your blood test file and get a full diagnosis in 3 minutes. Click here
Below is a table outlining some of the most common blood tests, their normal ranges, what high or low values might indicate, and how these results can help in making a diagnosis. You can type a blood test marker into the search box to find it, then press Enter.
| Test Name | Normal Range | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| White Blood Cells (WBC) | 4,000-11,000 cells/µL | Low WBC can indicate immune deficiency, bone marrow problems, or certain infections. High WBC might suggest infection, inflammation, or leukemia. |
| Red Blood Cells (RBC) | 4.7-6.1 million cells/µL (men), 4.2-5.4 million cells/µL (women) | Low RBC count may indicate anemia, leading to symptoms like fatigue. High RBC could suggest dehydration, lung disease, or polycythemia. |
| Hemoglobin (Hgb) | 13.8-17.2 g/dL (men), 12.1-15.1 g/dL (women) | Low hemoglobin may indicate anemia or blood loss. High levels can suggest polycythemia or lung disease. |
| Hematocrit (Hct) | 40.7-50.3% (men), 36.1-44.3% (women) | Low hematocrit can suggest anemia or blood loss. High levels might indicate dehydration or polycythemia. |
| Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) | 80-100 fL | Low MCV suggests microcytic anemia, often due to iron deficiency. High MCV may indicate macrocytic anemia, possibly from vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. |
| Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) | 27-31 pg/cell | Low MCH indicates anemia, often from iron deficiency. High levels can suggest macrocytic anemia or liver disease. |
| Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) | 33-36 g/dL | Low MCHC can indicate hypochromic anemia. High levels may suggest spherocytosis or other hemolytic conditions. |
| Platelets | 150,000-450,000 cells/µL | Low platelet count may indicate bleeding disorders or bone marrow issues. High platelets can suggest inflammation or certain cancers. |
| Prothrombin Time (PT) | 11-13.5 seconds | Prolonged PT suggests clotting disorders or liver dysfunction. Short PT may indicate vitamin K deficiency or anticoagulant therapy. |
| Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) | 25-35 seconds | Prolonged aPTT indicates bleeding disorders or anticoagulant therapy. Short aPTT may suggest hypercoagulability. |
| International Normalized Ratio (INR) | 0.8-1.2 | High INR indicates a higher risk of bleeding, commonly due to anticoagulant therapy. Low INR suggests a higher risk of clotting. |
| Cholesterol (Total) | 125-200 mg/dL | High total cholesterol can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Low levels are less common but may indicate malnutrition or hyperthyroidism. |
| High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol | 40-60 mg/dL | Low HDL increases cardiovascular risk. High levels are generally protective against heart disease. |
| Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol | <100 mg/dL | High LDL is a major risk factor for heart disease. Low levels are generally desired but should be evaluated in the context of overall health. |
| Triglycerides | 30-150 mg/dL | High triglycerides can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Low levels are less concerning but may indicate malnutrition. |
| Creatine Kinase-MB (CK-MB) | 0-5 ng/mL | Elevated CK-MB levels may indicate heart muscle damage or myocardial infarction. |
| Troponin I | <0.04 ng/mL | High levels of troponin I indicate heart muscle injury, often due to a heart attack. |
| Serum Osmolality | 275-295 mOsm/kg | High osmolality suggests dehydration or hypernatremia. Low osmolality may indicate overhydration or hyponatremia. |
| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | 0.4-4.0 mIU/L | Low TSH suggests hyperthyroidism. High TSH indicates hypothyroidism. |
| Free T4 (Thyroxine) | 0.8-2.0 ng/dL | Low free T4 indicates hypothyroidism. High levels suggest hyperthyroidism. |
| Free T3 (Triiodothyronine) | 2.3-4.2 pg/mL | Low free T3 suggests hypothyroidism. High levels indicate hyperthyroidism. |
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) | 10-65 pg/mL | Low PTH may indicate hypoparathyroidism. High levels suggest hyperparathyroidism or calcium imbalance. |
| Prolactin | 4.0-23.0 ng/mL | High prolactin levels may indicate pituitary tumors or hypothyroidism. Low levels are less common and usually not significant. |
| Cortisol (AM) | 6-23 mcg/dL | Low cortisol may indicate adrenal insufficiency. High levels suggest Cushing's syndrome or stress response. |
| Insulin | 2-25 mIU/L | Low insulin levels suggest type 1 diabetes. High insulin levels may indicate insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes. |
| C-Peptide | 0.5-2.0 ng/mL | Low C-peptide suggests type 1 diabetes. High levels may indicate insulinoma or type 2 diabetes. |
| Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) | 4%-5.6% | HbA1c over 6.5% indicates diabetes. Levels between 5.7%-6.4% suggest prediabetes. |
| Glucose (Fasting) | 70-99 mg/dL | Low glucose suggests hypoglycemia. High levels indicate hyperglycemia, possibly diabetes. |
| Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) | 83-233 ng/mL (varies with age) | Low IGF-1 suggests growth hormone deficiency. High levels may indicate acromegaly or excessive growth hormone production. |
| Vitamin D | 20-50 ng/mL | Low vitamin D can lead to bone disorders and immune issues. High levels are rare but can result from excessive supplementation. |
| Vitamin B12 | 200-900 pg/mL | Low vitamin B12 may cause anemia and neurological issues. High levels are less concerning but should be evaluated in context. |
| Folate | 3-17 ng/mL | Low folate levels can indicate anemia or nutritional deficiencies. High levels are less common but may be seen with supplementation. |
| Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) | 0-10 ng/mL | Elevated AFP levels can indicate liver disease or certain cancers, such as liver cancer or testicular cancer. |
| Beta-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (β-hCG) | 0-5 mIU/mL (non-pregnant) | High levels indicate pregnancy. Elevated levels can also be a marker for certain tumors. |
| Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) | 10-80 nmol/L | Low SHBG can indicate conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or hyperthyroidism. High levels may suggest liver disease or hyperestrogenism. |
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) | 6-76 pg/mL | High ACTH may indicate Addison's disease or other adrenal gland disorders. Low levels suggest Cushing's syndrome or pituitary dysfunction. |
| Anti-DNA Antibodies | Negative | Positive anti-DNA antibodies are often associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). For more details, use our symptom checker. |
| Anti-Smith Antibodies | Negative | Positive anti-Smith antibodies are highly specific for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). |
| Anti-Ro/SSA Antibodies | Negative | Positive anti-Ro/SSA antibodies can indicate Sjögren's syndrome or lupus. |
| Anti-La/SSB Antibodies | Negative | Positive anti-La/SSB antibodies can indicate Sjögren's syndrome or lupus. |
| Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO) Antibodies | Negative | Positive anti-TPO antibodies suggest autoimmune thyroiditis or Hashimoto's thyroiditis. |
| Anti-Thyroglobulin Antibodies | Negative | Positive anti-thyroglobulin antibodies can indicate autoimmune thyroid diseases such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis. |
| Thyroid Receptor Antibodies | Negative | Positive thyroid receptor antibodies can indicate Graves' disease. |
| Beta-2 Glycoprotein I Antibodies | Negative | Positive beta-2 glycoprotein I antibodies may be associated with antiphospholipid syndrome. |
| Anticardiolipin Antibodies | Negative | Positive anticardiolipin antibodies can indicate antiphospholipid syndrome. |
| Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] | <30 mg/dL | High Lp(a) levels are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and may be genetically influenced. |
| Complement C3 | 90-180 mg/dL | Low complement C3 can indicate autoimmune diseases such as lupus. High levels may be seen in inflammation or infection. |
| Complement C4 | 10-40 mg/dL | Low complement C4 can indicate autoimmune diseases like lupus or chronic inflammation. High levels may be seen in certain infections. |
| Uric Acid (Serum) | 3.5-7.2 mg/dL | High uric acid levels may indicate gout or kidney dysfunction. Low levels can be caused by certain medications or genetic disorders. |
| Alpha-1 Antitrypsin | 90-200 mg/dL | Low levels of alpha-1 antitrypsin can lead to liver disease or lung conditions such as emphysema. |
| Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) | 0-5 ng/mL | High CEA levels may indicate cancer, especially colorectal cancer. Elevated levels can also be seen in non-cancerous conditions. |
| Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) | 0-4 ng/mL | High PSA levels can indicate prostate cancer or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Low levels are generally considered normal. |
| CA-125 | 0-35 U/mL | High CA-125 levels may suggest ovarian cancer or other pelvic conditions. For further evaluation, consider using our symptom checker. |
| Cholesterol (Total) | 125-200 mg/dL | High total cholesterol can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Low levels are less common but may indicate malnutrition or hyperthyroidism. |
| High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol | 40-60 mg/dL | Low HDL increases cardiovascular risk. High levels are generally protective against heart disease. |
| Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol | <100 mg/dL | High LDL is a major risk factor for heart disease. Low levels are generally desired but should be evaluated in the context of overall health. |
| Triglycerides | 30-150 mg/dL | High triglycerides can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Low levels are less concerning but may indicate malnutrition. |
| Creatine Kinase-MB (CK-MB) | 0-5 ng/mL | Elevated CK-MB levels may indicate heart muscle damage or myocardial infarction. |
| Troponin I | <0.04 ng/mL | High levels of troponin I indicate heart muscle injury, often due to a heart attack. |
| Serum Osmolality | 275-295 mOsm/kg | High osmolality suggests dehydration or hypernatremia. Low osmolality may indicate overhydration or hyponatremia. |
| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | 0.4-4.0 mIU/L | Low TSH suggests hyperthyroidism. High TSH indicates hypothyroidism. |
| Free T4 (Thyroxine) | 0.8-2.0 ng/dL | Low free T4 indicates hypothyroidism. High levels suggest hyperthyroidism. |
| Free T3 (Triiodothyronine) | 2.3-4.2 pg/mL | Low free T3 suggests hypothyroidism. High levels indicate hyperthyroidism. |
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) | 10-65 pg/mL | Low PTH may indicate hypoparathyroidism. High levels suggest hyperparathyroidism or calcium imbalance. |
| Prolactin | 4.0-23.0 ng/mL | High prolactin levels may indicate pituitary tumors or hypothyroidism. Low levels are less common and usually not significant. |
| Cortisol (AM) | 6-23 mcg/dL | Low cortisol may indicate adrenal insufficiency. High levels suggest Cushing's syndrome or stress response. |
| Insulin | 2-25 mIU/L | Low insulin levels suggest type 1 diabetes. High insulin levels may indicate insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes. |
| C-Peptide | 0.5-2.0 ng/mL | Low C-peptide suggests type 1 diabetes. High levels may indicate insulinoma or type 2 diabetes. |
| Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) | 4%-5.6% | HbA1c over 6.5% indicates diabetes. Levels between 5.7%-6.4% suggest prediabetes. |
| Glucose (Fasting) | 70-99 mg/dL | Low glucose suggests hypoglycemia. High levels indicate hyperglycemia, possibly diabetes. |
| Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) | 83-233 ng/mL (varies with age) | Low IGF-1 suggests growth hormone deficiency. High levels may indicate acromegaly or excessive growth hormone production. |
| Vitamin D | 20-50 ng/mL | Low vitamin D can lead to bone disorders and immune issues. High levels are rare but can result from excessive supplementation. |
| Vitamin B12 | 200-900 pg/mL | Low vitamin B12 may cause anemia and neurological issues. High levels are less concerning but should be evaluated in context. |
| Folate | 3-17 ng/mL | Low folate levels can indicate anemia or nutritional deficiencies. High levels are less common but may be seen with supplementation. |
| Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) | 0-10 ng/mL | Elevated AFP levels can indicate liver disease or certain cancers, such as liver cancer or testicular cancer. |
| Beta-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (β-hCG) | 0-5 mIU/mL (non-pregnant) | High levels indicate pregnancy. Elevated levels can also be a marker for certain tumors. |
| Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) | 10-80 nmol/L | Low SHBG can indicate conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or hyperthyroidism. High levels may suggest liver disease or hyperestrogenism. |
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) | 6-76 pg/mL | High ACTH may indicate Addison's disease or other adrenal gland disorders. Low levels suggest Cushing's syndrome or pituitary dysfunction. |
| Anti-DNA Antibodies | Negative | Positive anti-DNA antibodies are often associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). For more details, use our symptom checker. |
| Anti-Smith Antibodies | Negative | Positive anti-Smith antibodies are highly specific for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). |
| Anti-Ro/SSA Antibodies | Negative | Positive anti-Ro/SSA antibodies can indicate Sjögren's syndrome or lupus. |
| Anti-La/SSB Antibodies | Negative | Positive anti-La/SSB antibodies can indicate Sjögren's syndrome or lupus. |
| Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO) Antibodies | Negative | Positive anti-TPO antibodies suggest autoimmune thyroiditis or Hashimoto's thyroiditis. |
| Anti-Thyroglobulin Antibodies | Negative | Positive anti-thyroglobulin antibodies can indicate autoimmune thyroid diseases such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis. |
| Thyroid Receptor Antibodies | Negative | Positive thyroid receptor antibodies can indicate Graves' disease. |
| Beta-2 Glycoprotein I Antibodies | Negative | Positive beta-2 glycoprotein I antibodies may be associated with antiphospholipid syndrome. |
| Anticardiolipin Antibodies | Negative | Positive anticardiolipin antibodies can indicate antiphospholipid syndrome. |
| Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] | <30 mg/dL | High Lp(a) levels are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and may be genetically influenced. |
| Complement C3 | 90-180 mg/dL | Low complement C3 can indicate autoimmune diseases such as lupus. High levels may be seen in inflammation or infection. |
| Complement C4 | 10-40 mg/dL | Low complement C4 can indicate autoimmune diseases like lupus or chronic inflammation. High levels may be seen in certain infections. |
| Uric Acid (Serum) | 3.5-7.2 mg/dL | High uric acid levels may indicate gout or kidney dysfunction. Low levels can be caused by certain medications or genetic disorders. |
| Alpha-1 Antitrypsin | 90-200 mg/dL | Low levels of alpha-1 antitrypsin can lead to liver disease or lung conditions such as emphysema. |
| Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) | 0-5 ng/mL | High CEA levels may indicate cancer, especially colorectal cancer. Elevated levels can also be seen in non-cancerous conditions. |
| Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) | 0-4 ng/mL | High PSA levels can indicate prostate cancer or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Low levels are generally considered normal. |
| CA-125 | 0-35 U/mL | High CA-125 levels may suggest ovarian cancer or other pelvic conditions. For further evaluation, consider using our symptom checker. |
| Cholesterol (Total) | 125-200 mg/dL | High total cholesterol can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Low levels are less common but may indicate malnutrition or hyperthyroidism. |
| High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol | 40-60 mg/dL | Low HDL increases cardiovascular risk. High levels are generally protective against heart disease. |
| Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol | <100 mg/dL | High LDL is a major risk factor for heart disease. Low levels are generally desired but should be evaluated in the context of overall health. |
| Triglycerides | 30-150 mg/dL | High triglycerides can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Low levels are less concerning but may indicate malnutrition. |
| Creatine Kinase-MB (CK-MB) | 0-5 ng/mL | Elevated CK-MB levels may indicate heart muscle damage or myocardial infarction. |
| Troponin I | <0.04 ng/mL | High levels of troponin I indicate heart muscle injury, often due to a heart attack. |
| Serum Osmolality | 275-295 mOsm/kg | High osmolality suggests dehydration or hypernatremia. Low osmolality may indicate overhydration or hyponatremia. |
| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | 0.4-4.0 mIU/L | Low TSH suggests hyperthyroidism. High TSH indicates hypothyroidism. |
| Free T4 (Thyroxine) | 0.8-2.0 ng/dL | Low free T4 indicates hypothyroidism. High levels suggest hyperthyroidism. |
| Free T3 (Triiodothyronine) | 2.3-4.2 pg/mL | Low free T3 suggests hypothyroidism. High levels indicate hyperthyroidism. |
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) | 10-65 pg/mL | Low PTH may indicate hypoparathyroidism. High levels suggest hyperparathyroidism or calcium imbalance. |
| Prolactin | 4.0-23.0 ng/mL | High prolactin levels may indicate pituitary tumors or hypothyroidism. Low levels are less common and usually not significant. |
| Cortisol (AM) | 6-23 mcg/dL | Low cortisol may indicate adrenal insufficiency. High levels suggest Cushing's syndrome or stress response. |
| Insulin | 2-25 mIU/L | Low insulin levels suggest type 1 diabetes. High insulin levels may indicate insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes. |
| C-Peptide | 0.5-2.0 ng/mL | Low C-peptide suggests type 1 diabetes. High levels may indicate insulinoma or type 2 diabetes. |
| Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) | 4%-5.6% | HbA1c over 6.5% indicates diabetes. Levels between 5.7%-6.4% suggest prediabetes. |
| Glucose (Fasting) | 70-99 mg/dL | Low glucose suggests hypoglycemia. High levels indicate hyperglycemia, possibly diabetes. |
| Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) | 83-233 ng/mL (varies with age) | Low IGF-1 suggests growth hormone deficiency. High levels may indicate acromegaly or excessive growth hormone production. |
| Reticulocyte Count | 0.5%-2.5% of total RBC | High reticulocyte count may indicate anemia or blood loss. Low levels could suggest bone marrow issues. |
| Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) | 80-100 fL | High MCV may indicate macrocytic anemia. Low MCV could suggest microcytic anemia or iron deficiency. |
| Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) | 27-31 pg | High MCH can be associated with macrocytic anemia. Low MCH is often seen in iron deficiency anemia. |
| Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) | 32-36 g/dL | High MCHC might indicate spherocytosis or other hemolytic anemia. Low MCHC can suggest hypochromic anemia. |
| Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) | 11.5%-14.5% | High RDW suggests a variation in red blood cell size, which can indicate anemia or other conditions. Low RDW may be seen in some forms of anemia. |
| Platelet Count | 150,000-450,000 cells/µL | Low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) may suggest bleeding disorders or bone marrow issues. High platelet count (thrombocytosis) can indicate inflammation or myeloproliferative disorders. |
| Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) | 7.5-11.5 fL | High MPV can indicate increased platelet production or destruction. Low MPV might suggest platelet production issues. |
| Basophils | 0-2% of total WBC | High basophils may be seen in allergic reactions or chronic inflammation. Low levels are typically not concerning. |
| Eosinophils | 1-4% of total WBC | High eosinophils can indicate allergic reactions, asthma, or parasitic infections. Low levels are generally not problematic. |
| Monocytes | 2-8% of total WBC | High monocytes may indicate chronic inflammation or infections. Low levels are less common and usually not concerning. |
| Neutrophils | 50-70% of total WBC | High neutrophils often suggest infection or inflammation. Low levels may indicate bone marrow issues or autoimmune disorders. |
| Hematocrit | 40%-54% (men), 36%-48% (women) | High hematocrit levels may indicate dehydration or polycythemia. Low levels suggest anemia or blood loss. |
| Hemoglobin | 13.8-17.2 g/dL (men), 12.1-15.1 g/dL (women) | Low hemoglobin indicates anemia. High hemoglobin can be a sign of dehydration or a condition like polycythemia. |
| Fibrinogen | 200-400 mg/dL | High fibrinogen can indicate inflammation or risk of clotting. Low levels might suggest bleeding disorders or liver disease. |
| Thrombin Time (TT) | 14-18 seconds | Prolonged TT can indicate clotting disorders or liver disease. Normal TT suggests normal clotting function. |
| Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) | 25-35 seconds | Prolonged aPTT may suggest clotting disorders or anticoagulant therapy. Shortened aPTT can be seen in conditions with increased clotting risk. |
| Prothrombin Time (PT) | 10-13 seconds | Prolonged PT can indicate liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, or anticoagulant use. Short PT may be less common but could indicate a risk of excessive clotting. |
| International Normalized Ratio (INR) | 0.8-1.1 | High INR suggests increased bleeding risk. Low INR can indicate a higher risk of clotting. |
| Anti-Thrombin III | 80-120% | Low levels of anti-thrombin III can increase the risk of thrombosis. High levels are less common and usually not significant. |
| Protein C | 70-130% of normal | Low Protein C levels increase the risk of clotting disorders. High levels are less common and usually not concerning. |
| Protein S | 60-130% of normal | Low Protein S levels may increase the risk of thromboembolism. High levels are less commonly seen and not usually concerning. |
| Anticardiolipin Antibodies | Negative | Positive anticardiolipin antibodies can indicate antiphospholipid syndrome. For further information, consider using our symptom checker. |
| Homocysteine | 5-15 µmol/L | High homocysteine levels can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Low levels are generally not concerning. |
| C-Reactive Protein (CRP) | 0-10 mg/L | High CRP levels suggest inflammation or infection. Low levels are normal. |
| Interleukin-6 (IL-6) | 0-5 pg/mL | Elevated IL-6 levels can indicate inflammation, infection, or certain chronic conditions. Low levels are generally normal. |
| Rheumatoid Factor (RF) | Negative | Positive RF can indicate rheumatoid arthritis or other autoimmune diseases. For more details, use our symptom checker. |
| Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide (Anti-CCP) Antibodies | Negative | Positive Anti-CCP antibodies are associated with rheumatoid arthritis. |
| Anti-Nuclear Antibodies (ANA) | Negative | Positive ANA may suggest autoimmune conditions like lupus or scleroderma. |
| Anti-DNA Antibodies | Negative | Positive anti-DNA antibodies are often linked to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). For more information, use our symptom checker. |
| Anti-Smith Antibodies | Negative | Positive anti-Smith antibodies are highly specific for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). |
| Anti-Ro/SSA Antibodies | Negative | Positive anti-Ro/SSA antibodies can indicate Sjögren's syndrome or lupus. |
| Anti-La/SSB Antibodies | Negative | Positive anti-La/SSB antibodies can indicate Sjögren's syndrome or lupus. |
| Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO) Antibodies | Negative | Positive anti-TPO antibodies suggest autoimmune thyroiditis or Hashimoto's thyroiditis. |
| Anti-Thyroglobulin Antibodies | Negative | Positive anti-thyroglobulin antibodies can be seen in autoimmune thyroid conditions. |
| Thyroid-Stimulating Immunoglobulins (TSI) | Negative | Positive TSI indicates Graves' disease, an autoimmune hyperthyroid condition. |
| Vitamin B12 | 200-900 pg/mL | Low Vitamin B12 can indicate anemia or neurological issues. High levels may suggest supplementation or certain conditions. |
| Folate | 3-16 ng/mL | Low folate levels can cause anemia and other health issues. High levels are usually related to supplementation. |
| Iron | 60-170 µg/dL | Low iron can indicate anemia or nutritional deficiencies. High levels may suggest iron overload conditions. |
| Ferritin | 30-300 ng/mL | Low ferritin suggests iron deficiency. High ferritin can be a marker of inflammation or iron overload. |
| Total Iron-Binding Capacity (TIBC) | 240-450 µg/dL | High TIBC can indicate iron deficiency anemia. Low levels may suggest anemia of chronic disease. |
| Transferrin | 200-360 mg/dL | Low transferrin can indicate anemia or liver disease. High levels might suggest iron deficiency. |
| Uric Acid | 3.5-7.2 mg/dL | High uric acid can indicate gout or kidney issues. Low levels are less common but can be associated with certain conditions. |
| Ammonia | 15-45 µg/dL | High ammonia levels can indicate liver dysfunction or urea cycle disorders. Low levels are typically not a concern. |
| Albumin | 3.5-5.0 g/dL | Low albumin can suggest liver disease or kidney issues. High levels are less common and usually not concerning. |
| Total Protein | 6.0-8.3 g/dL | Low total protein levels can indicate liver or kidney problems. High levels might be seen in chronic inflammation or dehydration. |
| Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) | 7-20 mg/dL | High BUN levels may suggest kidney dysfunction or dehydration. Low levels are less common but could indicate malnutrition. |
| Creatinine | 0.6-1.3 mg/dL | High creatinine levels indicate potential kidney issues. Low levels are generally not a concern. |
| Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) | 90-120 mL/min/1.73 m² | Low GFR indicates impaired kidney function. High GFR is usually not a concern and can be influenced by hydration status. |
| Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) | 44-121 IU/L | High ALP levels can indicate liver or bone disorders. Low levels are less common and usually not concerning. |
| Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) | 10-40 IU/L | High AST levels can suggest liver damage or muscle disorders. Low levels are generally not a concern. |
| Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) | 7-56 IU/L | High ALT levels may indicate liver inflammation or damage. Low levels are usually not concerning. |
| Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) | 140-280 IU/L | High LDH levels can suggest tissue damage or certain cancers. Low levels are less commonly evaluated. |
| Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) | 9-48 IU/L | High GGT levels can indicate liver disease or alcohol use. Low levels are generally not concerning. |
| Haptoglobin | 30-200 mg/dL | Low haptoglobin can indicate hemolytic anemia. High levels might be seen in inflammation or infection. |
| Vitamin D | 20-50 ng/mL | Low vitamin D levels can lead to bone disorders or other health issues. High levels are typically associated with supplementation. |
| Vitamin K | 0.1-2.2 ng/mL | Low vitamin K can affect clotting ability. High levels are generally not concerning but might be related to supplementation. |
| Calcium | 8.5-10.2 mg/dL | High calcium levels may suggest hyperparathyroidism or other conditions. Low levels could indicate hypoparathyroidism or vitamin D deficiency. |
| Phosphorus | 2.5-4.5 mg/dL | High phosphorus levels can indicate kidney issues or excessive dietary intake. Low levels may suggest malnutrition or hormonal imbalances. |
| Magnesium | 1.7-2.2 mg/dL | High magnesium can suggest kidney dysfunction. Low levels may indicate dietary deficiencies or certain medical conditions. |
| Sodium | 135-145 mEq/L | High sodium levels may indicate dehydration or kidney issues. Low levels can suggest overhydration or adrenal problems. |
| Potassium | 3.5-5.0 mEq/L | High potassium levels may suggest kidney dysfunction or certain medications. Low levels can indicate dietary deficiencies or hormonal imbalances. |
| Chloride | 98-107 mEq/L | High chloride levels can indicate dehydration or kidney issues. Low levels may suggest metabolic alkalosis or other conditions. |
| Carbon Dioxide (CO2) | 23-29 mEq/L | High CO2 levels can indicate metabolic alkalosis. Low levels may suggest metabolic acidosis or respiratory issues. |
| Uric Acid | 3.5-7.2 mg/dL | High uric acid can be linked to gout or kidney problems. Low levels may suggest certain metabolic disorders. |
| Amylase | 30-110 U/L | High amylase levels can indicate pancreatic inflammation or other conditions. Low levels are less commonly evaluated. |
| Lipase | 10-140 U/L | High lipase levels are often associated with pancreatic disorders. Low levels are usually not concerning. |
| Haptoglobin | 30-200 mg/dL | Low haptoglobin may suggest hemolytic anemia. High levels can be seen in inflammation or infection. |
| Alpha-1 Antitrypsin | 90-200 mg/dL | Low levels can indicate liver disease or genetic disorders. High levels may be associated with inflammation. |
| Beta-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (β-HCG) | 0-5 mIU/mL | High β-HCG levels may indicate pregnancy or certain tumors. Low levels are typical in non-pregnant individuals. |
| Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) | 0-4 ng/mL | High PSA levels can suggest prostate issues, including cancer. Low levels are generally considered normal. |
| Human Growth Hormone (HGH) | 0-5 ng/mL | High HGH levels can indicate acromegaly or other conditions. Low levels might suggest growth hormone deficiency. |
| Insulin | 2.6-24.9 µU/mL | High insulin levels can indicate insulin resistance or diabetes. Low levels might suggest hypoglycemia or other endocrine issues. |
| Glucose | 70-100 mg/dL (fasting) | High glucose levels can indicate diabetes or metabolic syndrome. Low levels may suggest hypoglycemia or insulin overuse. |
| Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) | 4.0%-5.6% | High HbA1c levels indicate poor long-term glucose control, suggesting diabetes or prediabetes. Low levels are generally not concerning. |
| Vitamin B6 | 5-50 µg/L | Low vitamin B6 levels can cause anemia or neuropathy. High levels are typically associated with supplementation. |
| Coenzyme Q10 | 0.6-1.0 µg/mL | Low Coenzyme Q10 levels may suggest deficiencies or mitochondrial disorders. High levels are less commonly evaluated. |
| Transferrin Saturation | 20%-50% | Low transferrin saturation can indicate iron deficiency anemia. High levels may suggest iron overload conditions. |
| Creatine Kinase (CK) | 30-200 U/L | High CK levels can indicate muscle damage or heart conditions. Low levels are usually not a concern. |
| Myoglobin | 25-72 ng/mL | High myoglobin levels can indicate muscle injury or heart issues. Low levels are generally not a concern. |
| Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) | 0-100 pg/mL | High BNP levels can suggest heart failure or other cardiac issues. Low levels are generally normal. |
| Cholesterol | Less than 200 mg/dL | High cholesterol levels can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Low levels are less common but could indicate liver issues or malnutrition. |
| Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) | Less than 100 mg/dL | High LDL levels are associated with an increased risk of heart disease. Low levels may be associated with genetic conditions or other health issues. |
| High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) | 40-60 mg/dL | Low HDL levels can increase the risk of heart disease. High levels are generally considered protective against cardiovascular issues. |
| Triglycerides | Less than 150 mg/dL | High triglyceride levels can indicate cardiovascular disease or metabolic syndrome. Low levels are generally not concerning. |
| Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Subfractions | Varies by lab | High levels of certain LDL subfractions can increase cardiovascular risk. Specific details depend on the subfraction and lab reference. |
| High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Subfractions | Varies by lab | High levels of specific HDL subfractions may offer different cardiovascular protective effects. Details depend on the subfraction and lab reference. |